Pehea e hana ai ka ʻauhau waiwai ma 27 mau ʻāina o ka honua
Mai ka hōʻikeʻiaʻana o Ignacio Lagarda Lagarda, hōʻike ka pakuhi i ka pilina o ka Auhau Lāhui e pili ana i ka waiwai nui o nā huahana ma Latin America.
ʻO Contextualizing Mekiko e pili ana i ka honua, ʻike mākou ʻaʻole ʻano maoli kēia ʻano ʻauhau ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā koena o nā ʻāina o ka honua. ʻIke mākou aia ʻo Costa Rica, Panama, Bolivia, El Salvador a me Chile ma luna, i nā waiwai i like me Slowakia, Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, Kelemānia, Norewai, Pokukala, Polani a me Pinilana. ʻOiai ʻo Uruguay, Paraguay a me ʻAtenekia e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i Belgian, ʻIlani, Denmark, Sweden a me Greece. He mea kānalua inā noʻonoʻo mākou ʻaʻole loaʻa ke kaulike o ka GDP o ka hapa nui o kēia mau ʻāina me ka papa kuhikuhi Gini a no laila he kumu i manaʻo ʻia no ka like ʻole o ka nohona.
A no ka mau moʻomeheu, ia mea hana hoihoi i ka ike i ka papaʻaina kēia mau manaʻoi hoʻopōkole 'ana i ka auhau waiwai hana ma 27'āina, o ka a 62% ua ohi ia ma ke kikowaena ke aupuni a me ka 48% ma i nā aupuni a me nā kauhale.
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aupuni |
Ka auhau o ka waiwai |
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Kanada |
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kaona'āina e hōʻiliʻili i kaʻauhau ma ka waiwai ma nā kumukūʻai hikiwawe, e like me ka'āina, nā hale kūʻai kūʻai a me nā hale noho. Paipai nā luna i nāʻauhau no nā mea hou i kahi. |
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'O'Amelika Huipu'ia |
ʻO nā kūlana aupuni ma lalo o ka moku'āina e kau pinepine i nāʻauhau waiwai ma luna o nā mea waiwai'āina. ʻO kekahi mau meaʻikeʻia (a me nā mea'ēʻole) kekahi i ukuʻia ma nā moku'āina he nui. Hoʻolahalahaʻia ka hoʻolimaʻana ma ka pākēneka o ke kumukūʻai kūʻai. Laweʻia nā auhau'āina no kaʻauhau kālā. |
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'O Rusia |
Pono nā luna'āina e uku i kaʻauhau'āina i heluʻia ma mua o ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana. ʻO kaʻauhauʻauhau i hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā'āpana a he meaʻanoʻole ia. |
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Poland |
I ka waiwai auhau i loko o Poland ua kauoha ana i kanaka, a? Aneiai nāʻoihana, a me moku'āina hana a me ka olelo, aa aku la. Laweʻia kaʻauhau mai ka waiwai o ka'āina a me nā hale,ʻaʻole hoʻohanaʻia e pili ana i ka mahiʻai. Eʻokoʻa nā huina kālā ma muli o kaʻano o ka waiwai. I kā mākou holo 'awelika i: No ka keʻena hale, PLN 0.18 no huinahalike mika no ka hale i hoʻohana no ka kālepa hana. 6.63 PLN no huinahalike mika no nā hale, PLN 2.21 no huinahalike mika no ka poe kūkulu, 2% o kona waiwai, aina hoʻohana no ka kalepa hana, PLN 0.22 no huinahalike mika. |
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Pulukalia |
ʻO nā mea waiwai a pau ma Bulgaria e kauʻia i kaʻauhau hale,ʻo kaʻauhauʻauhau ke kumu i hoʻoholoʻia e ke aupuni. Kū'ē nā maʻamau ma waena o 0.2% a me 0.6%. Pono e ukuʻia kaʻauhau i kēlā me kēia hapahā i nā kaona. |
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'O Slovakia |
Laweʻia kaʻauhau waiwai mai nā mea nona nā waiwai waiwai, aʻo ka waihona kālā e hoʻomanaʻo i nā'āina a me nā hale. Kū'ē nā kumukūʻai ma kaʻano a me ka maikaʻi o ka'āina, ka nui a me ka waiwai.ʻO ka hope loa o nā hale noho e pili ana i kaʻauhau waiwai. ʻO nā pili e pili ana i keʻano o ka hale, a me kona hoʻohanaʻana. Hoʻohanaʻia nā kumu he nui. |
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Czech Republic |
E hoʻokuleanaʻia nā mea'āina i kaʻauhau. E likeʻole nā mea i ka hoʻohanaʻiaʻana o ka'āina (inā he'āina mahiʻai), a ma kona wahi a me keʻano, (i ka'āina no nā'āina'ē aʻe). Hoʻololi keʻano o ka huina o ka papahele a me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hale. |
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Romania |
ʻO ka auhauʻauhau he makahiki, a ua heluʻia ma ka 1.5% o ka waiwai o ka hale. ʻO kaʻauhau waiwai ma ka'āina he makahiki ia, a ua heluʻia ma waena o kahi L 15 a me L 120 ma ka muea kaulike. ʻO ka auhau waiwai ma nā'āina mahiʻai ma waena o L 14,000 a me L 45,000 ma ka hectare, ma muli o ka hoʻohālikeʻana o ka'āina. |
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Slovenia |
Hoʻonuiʻia kaʻauhau waiwai ma ka waiwai o nā hale, e like me ka mea i hoʻoholoʻia e ke aupuni. Hoʻonuiʻia nā pākē holomua,ʻaʻoleʻoi aku ma luna o 1.5%. Kūʻole kekahi mau kūkulu. Hoʻoili pū kaʻauhau waiwai i nā moku. |
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Hungary |
Hoʻoliloʻia kaʻauhau i nā mea nona nāʻano kūkulu likeʻole. ʻO ke kumu o kaʻauhau ke lilo i kahua papahana kūpono, aiʻole ka waiwai kūʻai o ka waiwai, e like me ka mea i hoʻoholoʻia e ka lehulehu. Aia kekahi "Auhau ma luna o ka waiwai i hoʻopukaʻoleʻia", e pili ana i nā papa'āina a pau i kūkuluʻia. ʻO ka palena kiʻekiʻe o kēiaʻauhauʻo HUF 100 ia no ka muea kaulike. |
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Nuhōlani |
ʻO kaʻauhau o ka'āina, heʻauhauʻauhau ia e ukuʻia e nā mea'āina a pau ma kēlā me kēia moku'āina, koe wale nō ma ka Australian Capital Territory. Ma kēlā me kēia'āina, hāʻawiʻia kahi hōʻoki piha a wehewehe paha o kaʻauhau e like me ka mea i nohoʻia e ka meaʻauhau. E 'okoʻa nāʻauhau kālā ma waena o nā kahiki |
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'O Iapana |
ʻO nā kānaka a me nā hui i loaʻa nā waiwai kūʻai i Iapana e pili ana i kaʻauhau waiwai i kapaʻia "Ka AuhauʻAlaʻAla'āina". ʻO kēia kālā he 0.3%. ʻO ka 'auhau auhau he 70% wale nō i ka 80% o ka waiwai kūʻai. ʻO kekahiʻano o nā waiwaiʻaʻole ia e ukuʻia mai kēiaʻauhau, e like me ka'āina i hoʻohanaʻia e nā kānaka no ko lākou hale pono'ī,ʻoiai ka lōʻihi o ka'āpanaʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 1,000 mika mika. |
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Malaysia |
Kāheaʻia kaʻauhau waiwai ma Malaki i ka "'Okiwai Loa Loaʻa Loaʻa". Keia auhau Ua kauoha ma luna o emi holo 'awelika o 20% e 5%, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka wā o kekahi kanaka i waiwai ai paha kapikala poho i manaoia e ku ei ka auhau ma luna o ka waiwai hoʻolimalima i loko o ka he makahiki a me ka wā e hiki mai makahiki, koe nae ka hoopii ana i ka manaʻo noho o ka mahele he hui waiwai. ʻO kekahi kanaka i hiki iā Malay ke noi i ke kalaʻana o kaʻauhau no ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka waiwai i noho. RM ke kala ana 5,000 a 10% o ka hookaumaha lakou waiwai, whichever mea i oi aku, i loaa e nā kanaka me ke kapu ma mua o kōkua ma muli o kona kūlana me Malaysian poe kanaka. |
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Kēkēmapa |
Kāheaʻia kēiaʻauhauʻo "Tax Tax". ʻO kēiaʻauhau ka makahiki, aʻo ka mea i kūponoʻia he 4% no nā hale noho e ka mea nona, a me 13% no nā mea'ē aʻe a pau. |
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China |
ʻO ka mea wale nō a mākou iʻike ai,ʻo ia kaʻauhau i nā waiwai kūʻai a me ka waiwai o ka'āina. |
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New Zealand |
Hoʻokau nā lunaʻauhau'āina i nāʻauhau ma luna o ka waiwai. |
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ʻInia |
Hāʻawi nā luna i kaʻauhau waiwai. |
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Thailand |
Kāheaʻia kēiaʻauhauʻo "Nā Kuleana a me nā Kuleana'āina". ʻO nā mea nona nā'āina a i nā hale paha i hoʻonohonohoʻia ma nā wahi i hoʻonohonohoʻia, hiki ke hoʻokauʻia i nāʻauhau makahiki ma lalo o ke Kanawai'Aiwai Hoʻokomo Kū'ē o ka 1965 a me ka Loi'Ai'ē o 1965. ʻO kaʻauhau hoʻolālā kūloko e hoʻonohonohoʻia ana ma keʻano waiwai o ka'āina. ʻO ka uku makahiki he 12.5% o ka uku o nā uku hoʻolimalima. |
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Pelū |
I ka waiwai auhau Ua nānā 'ana ma luna o kūhelu cia, a ua kauoha ia na nāʻoihana loio a me kanaka kuleana maoli waiwai kua'āina a hoʻokiwikā. Hoʻolimalimaʻia kaʻauhau ma luna o ka waiwai i hoʻohuiʻia o nā kuleana a pau i pili i ka uku. Nā papa koa i .2% i loko o ka mua umikumamalima huahelu auhau .6% no ka umikumamaono a hiki i kekahi kanaono pa alima auhau, a me 1% e oi aku mamua o keia dala. |
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Guyana |
Ma Guyana, ua kapaʻiaʻo kaʻauhau waiwaiʻo kaʻauhau kālā, a heʻauhau makahiki i pāʻia ma ka "ʻupena waiwai" i ka hopena o ka makahiki. ʻO ka waiwai waiwai ka nui o ka waiwai o ka waiwai o kekahi mea iʻoi aku i ka nui o nā aie a pau i mālamaʻia e kēlā mea. ʻO ka waiwai ka waiwai a me ka waiwai maoli o ka mea, nā kuleana o kēlāʻano kēiaʻano, nā pono pilikino (aia ma Guyana a ma'ō paha), a me nā waiwai i loaʻa mai i ke kūʻaiʻana i ka waiwai a iʻole ke kālā a iʻole ke kākoʻoʻana no ia mau waiwai. Ua hoʻokuʻuʻia kekahi mau aie i ka heluʻana i ka waiwai o kaʻupena, a hiki ke hanaʻia ka helu o nā unuhi mai ke kumukūʻai o ka waiwai ināʻo ke kumukūʻai ke kumu o kaʻauhau. Ma keʻano maʻamau, ua hoʻohanaʻia ke kumukūʻai e pili ana i ka waiwai i loaʻa ma ka 1 o Ianuali o 1991,ʻoiai ke hoʻohanaʻia ka'ilā kūʻai me ka waiwai i loaʻa i mua o kēlā lā. ʻO nā uku i kaʻauhau waiwai no nā kamaliʻi,ʻo ia ka 0% i ka mua G $ 500,00, 0.5% i kēia G $ 5 miliona, a me .075% i kekahi kumu'ē aʻe i pili i kaʻauhau. ʻO ka uku kālā no nā kānaka he 0% no ka G $ 5 miliona mua, 0.5% no ka G $ 5 miliona hou, a me .075% no kekahi kālā'ē aʻe i pili i kaʻauhau. |
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Venezuela |
ʻO kaʻauhau waiwai kahi i kauʻia ma ka waiwai o ka waiwai, e like me ka hoʻolālāʻana e ka mana i pili. ʻO kaʻauhauʻauhau maʻamau i ka 0.1% o ka uku. ʻO kēiaʻauhau ka makahiki, akā,ʻaʻole i ukuʻia a loaʻa kahi waiwai. |
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'O Belize |
Ua hoʻokumuʻia nā pāhana e nā luna aupuni ma nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale e noho ai. Hoʻolālāʻia kaʻauhau ma waho o nā palena o ke kūlanakauhale. ʻO kaʻauhau ma kahi 1%. |
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Koka Rika |
ʻO kaʻauhau waiwai ka kapa'Āpana'Āpana'āina, a ke ukuʻiaʻo ia e like me ke kumukūʻai i hōʻikeʻia aiʻole kūponoʻia paha o ka'āina a me nā kūkulu paʻa, nā hale a me nā lako, e like me nā lako a me nā mea hana i hanaʻia ma kahi o nā kūkulu. Pono e ukuʻia kaʻauhau i kēlā me kēia hapaha makahiki. ʻAʻole hoʻokuʻuʻia nā waiwai i mālamaʻia ma lalo o ka 150,000 |
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Panama |
ʻO nā mea waiwai i Panama, rustic, a me nā kūlanakauhale nui paha, kū i lalo o kaʻauhau waiwai i kapaʻiaʻo ka "ʻauhau kālā". Pono nā mea nona ka uku e uku i ka uku e like me ka paʻi holomua o ka 1.4% o ka waiwai ma luna o 10,000 balboas, a hiki i ka 2.1% ma luna o 75,000 balboas. ʻO ka kumu o ka Hāʻawiʻia ka waiwai i hoʻoholoʻia e ka Commission Commission. Aia kekahi mau hoʻokuʻi, e like me nā hale a me nā hana hou i hoʻohanaʻia e nā hui aloha a iʻole nā hui aupuni a iʻole no kēlā mau waiwai me kahi waiwai iʻoi aʻe ma mua o ka 10,000 balboas. |
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ʻEkuakola |
Lawe nā luna i kaʻauhau makahiki no nā'āina kaiāulu a me nā waiwai nohopili i kapaʻia "Nāʻauhau ma nā kūlanakauhale a me nā'āina noho'āina." Hoʻokumuʻia kaʻauhau ma luna o ke kumukānāwai koʻikoʻi i hoʻokuʻu i kekahi mau unuhi. ʻAʻole i emi nā haʻawina. Inā he nui nā waiwai a ka meaʻauhau, ua hoʻohuiʻia nā kumukūʻai e ka municipalities, a ua hoʻohanaʻia nā uku i ka huina kālā no ka hapalua. |
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Guatemala |
Pono nā mea nona ka waiwai paʻa ma Guatemala e uku i kaʻauhauʻauhau āpau i kapaʻiaʻo ka "ʻauhauʻauhau". ʻO nā helu kūpono i loaʻa i loko o ka papa inoa waiwai,ʻoiai e hiki i nā lunaʻauhau ke nānā i nā kumukūʻai. ʻO ka heluʻauhau no ka 0% no ka Q 2,000 mua, i ka 0.9% no kekahi waiwai iʻoi aku ma mua o Q 70,000. |
| Honduras | Na nāʻahahui e hōʻiliʻili i kaʻauhau no nā waiwai waiwai o ke kūlanakauhale a me nā'āina'ē mai ka ke kūlana kūpono. Ka helu ʻana o auhau no nā waiwai waiwai o ke kūlanakauhale e noʻonoʻo i ka waiwai o ka ʻāina a me nā hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana; no nā waiwai kaiāulu, hoʻohui ʻia ka waiwai o nā mea kanu mau. I ka manawa i helu ʻia ai ka waiwai cadastral o nā waiwai, hoʻopili ʻia kahi helu mai ka 2.50 a i ka 3.50 Lempiras no hoʻokahi tausani, kahi hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻia i nā waiwai i ʻoi aku ma mua o 0.50 i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻae ke kānāwai i nā kumukūʻai cadastral e hoʻohou i kēlā me kēia 5 mau makahiki a me ka pākēneka i ʻae ʻia me ka heluna kānaka. |
Lawe ʻia ka papaʻaina mai ka hana ʻana o Miguel Ángel Montoya Martín del Campo i kāna paʻi ʻana "Ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike o ke kūlana ʻauhau waiwai ma nā ʻāina like ʻole o ka honua".
Ma Colombia, kapa ʻia ka ʻauhau no ka hale a me nā ʻano hana like ʻole he ʻauhau waiwai, waiho ʻia e ke aupuni ma ka makemake a ʻo ia ka ʻaihue nui loa e hiki ke loaʻa, aia nō he mau tausani o nā mea nona, ʻo ia nō nā penikala hiki ʻole e uku, ʻo ka mea i uku ʻole ma ka hoʻomaka o ka makahiki ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia me ka uku hoʻēmi o 10 pākēneka a inā ʻaʻole e uku ʻia i ka manawa kūpono, hoʻopiʻi ke aupuni i ka ukupanee no ka hōʻaiʻē ua pāpā ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana mai nā kānaka kūlohelohe a i ʻole kekahi hui i ka ʻāina akā ka Inā hana ke aupuni ia a holo i kēlā me kēia lā, ma ke ʻano he laʻana ke haʻi aku wau iā ʻoe ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke uku i ka ʻauhau ma kahi hale no ʻehā mau makahiki i ka hopena hiki iaʻu ke uku me kahi hōʻaiʻē a me ka ua like ka uku paneʻe me ka waiwai like o ka ʻaiʻē !!! No laila ʻo Colombia ka ʻāina i kū i ka pae ʻelima i ka kaulike ʻole a me ka pono kaulike ʻole. I ka palaho ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā POLITICIANS, ʻOEʻO ʻOE KA MAKAHI.