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naʻauao UTM

Ke nīnau mau nei ka poʻe he nui pehea e hoʻololi ai i nā kuhi ʻāina i UTM. E hoʻohana ana mākou i ka noho kaʻawale o kēia hōkele a wehewehe me nā mea i loaʻa iā mākou e pili ana i ka hana o ka wānana UTM e hoʻopau ai i kekahi kānalua kumu.

Paipai wau inā ua haku ʻoe i ke kumuhana, mai hoʻoluhi i kāu mau minuke iā ʻoe iho ... akā hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻopili iā mākou i kāu blog :). ʻAʻole ia ke kumu o kēia pou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā wānana, no ka mea he nui nā ʻatikala ʻē aʻe, he mea hoihoi ia e wehewehe i ka mālama ʻana i nā kuhi, e hoʻohana mākou iā Google Earth e hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona.

Nā kikowaena'āina

ʻO nā pae'āina o ka'āina ke hele mai ma ka māheleʻana i ka honua i nā'āpana e like me ka'ōlaʻi,ʻo ke kolaki lāʻau i hanaʻia e nā meridians (i kapaʻia he mau lōʻihi) a me nā kaula i hoʻohālikeʻia e nā mea like (i kapaʻia he latitudes).

No ka helu'ana i nā latitudes he māhele ia o ka hoohalike,'ākau a hema paha, mai ka zero ai ka 90 degrees ma nā lā'au a'o kēia mau hapa'elua ua kapa'ia'o hemispheres.

I ke ʻano o nā longitude, hoʻomaka kēia e helu ʻia mai ka meridian Greenwich i kapa ʻia ʻo ka meridian zero i ka hikina, helu ʻia lākou a hiki i nā degere 180, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai kēia meridian like i ka honua (i kapa ʻia ʻo antemeridian), ua kapa ʻia kēia hapalua " Ka hikina". A laila kapa ʻia ka hapalua ʻē aʻe Komohana, ma ka W (komohana), hoʻomaka mau nā meridian mai Greenwich akā ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe mai zero a 180 kekelē.

1 ke'ewa honua

Hiki ke ho'ohui i Sepania i ka 39 N a me ka 3 W mau lō'ihi, kahi laulima ma Peru e lilo i ka Latitude 10 S a me ka 74 W. lō'ihi.

ʻO kēia ala e hoʻoholo ai i nā kaulike ʻole e pili me kahi kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka ʻilikai, ʻoiai he vector ia e hoʻomaka ana mai ka waena o ka honua i ka papa, ʻo kēia ka wānana a Google Earth e hoʻohana ai, a ʻo kēia ke ala o nā hoʻonohonoho i hoʻohana ʻia e nā faila kml, a hoʻohui ʻia kahi spheroid kuhikuhi, ʻo ia ke ala e hoʻokokoke ai i ka ʻili o ka honua no ke ana ʻana. Hoʻohana ʻo Google iā WGS84 ma ke ʻano he spheroid (ʻoiai aia kekahi Nā mea hana e 'ae ai iāʻoe e komo i nā kikowaena UTM i ka Google Earth). ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui loa o kēia kuhi ʻana, ʻo ia ke kū hoʻokahi o ka coordinate ma ka ʻili o ka honua, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pono ka lawelawe ʻana i nā hana no ka helu ʻana i nā mamao a i ʻole nā ​​bearings no ka "non-geographers".

Nā coordinena UTM

Hoʻomaka ka hoʻonohonoho UTM mai ka manaʻo o ka noʻonoʻoʻana i ka spheroid ma kaʻilikai mai ke kūmole cylindrical Traverso de Mercator. Hoʻokaʻawale mau ʻia ka honua e nā meridian, i nā ʻāpana o ʻeono kekelē e hana ana i kahi huina he 60, ua kapa ʻia kēia mau wahi. Ke hoʻomaka nei ka helu ʻana o kēia mau wahi mai ka antemeridian, mai ka ʻole a i ka 60 mai ke komohana a i ka hikina.

ʻO nā ʻāpana e hoʻoulu i nā mea like mai 84 S a 80 N, a helu ʻia me nā huapalapala mai C a X (ua kāpae ʻia ʻo "I" a me "O"), he 8 mau degere o ka latitu o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. koe wale no ka X nona na degere he 12.

Ho'ohana'ia ka A, B, Y, Z no nā pola keu; 'A'ole i ho'okomo'o Google i kēia māhele no ka mea he mea pono ia ka helu ho'opau'ole i kahi wahi hoihoi wale no nā pola pola).

1 ke'ewa honua

1 ke'ewa honuaMa nā helu 60 a pau, he mau aniani 6 kēlā me kēia

  • Kū'o Mexico i waena o nā 11 a me ka 16
  • Honduras ma ka 16 a me kahi ma ka 17
  • Peru ma waena o 17 a me 19
  • Sepania ma waena o 29 a me 31.

ʻO ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o ka spheroid kuhikuhi i ka pae kai e hana ai ka arc e kēia mau laina i nā ana e like me ka maoli o ke ana kūloko. ʻO kēia spheroid kūmole, ma mua (i hoʻolaha ʻia ma Latin America) ʻo ia ka NAD27, i kēia manawa ua hoʻohana ākea ʻia ka NAD83, i ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe he WGS84. Ma ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻanuʻu ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa, ʻokoʻa ka grids o nā spheroids ʻelua.

No laila, he kime x e hoʻomaka ana i kahi, a ma ka hihia o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ka palena ma waena o nā wahi 15 a me 16 he koina koina kokoke o 178,000 a piʻi i ka 820,000 a ʻoi aku paha. Ua like kēia laulā hoʻonohonoho no kēlā me kēia wahi, ma ka latitude like akā wehewehe mākou, ʻaʻole ia he grid orthogonal akā no nā ana ana kūloko, ʻano like ia. Ke pani nei nā palena ma waena o nā wahi, akā hoʻomaka nā mea āpau mai kahi axis kikowaena, kahi i loaʻa kahi meridian kū i kū ʻo 300,000 ka lōʻihi i ʻike ʻia ma ka inoa "hikina wahaheʻe", no laila ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a ma ka ʻākau hoʻi o kēia meridiana ʻaʻohe ʻāpana. maikaʻi ʻole
'O ka latitude (Y coordinate) e ho'omaka ana mai ka 0.00 ma ka equator a pi'i i ka pou'ākau a me nā pūnaewele kokoke i ka 9,300,000.

Waena 16 ma kahi

Nā palapala'āina mākou eʻike nei no nā hanana cadastral, me nā kauwela 1: 10,000 a iʻole 1: 1,000 E ku i ka paku keia wahi i loko o ka hope lapauila wehewehe pehea i keia paku.

1 ke'ewa honua

Geographic i hŘnń ia, e like me 16N 35W mea kū hoʻokahi, aka, i ka UTM i kahi kūlike me he X = 664,235 Y = 1,234,432 lākou, kekahi wahi hai hou ma 60 wahi o ka ia ka latitu, nā ma ka akau, a ma ka hema; Ua pono ka wahi, a no ka hoakaka hemisphere kahi mea a pau.

A laila noho nā ʻelua i kahi spheroid kuhikuhi. I ka hihia o ka UTM hoʻohui, inā aia ia ma NAD27 ʻaʻole ia e like me WGS84 no ka mea ʻaʻole kaulike nā meshes e hana ana i ka grid. E hoʻololi i nā kaʻina UTM i nā hoʻonohonoho Geographic a i ʻole ka hope, aia nā noi e kōkua iā ia, e like me Hoʻoponopono kāohi.

He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole i kākoʻo nā ʻōnaehana CAD i kahi wanana, e like me AutoCAD a i ʻole Microstation, ʻo AutoCAD Map3D a i ʻole Microstation Geographics wale nō i hana (E like me AutoCAD 2009 a me Microstation 8.9 XM hana lākou). Ke hoʻohana nei mākou i kahi palapala ʻāina georeferencing ma AutoCAD, me nā kaʻina UTM, he palapala ʻāina kā mākou ma Cartesian mokulele, akā pono mākou e ʻike aia kēlā mau kikowaena like ma 60 mau wahi ʻē aʻe ma ka latitu like ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau a me ka hema. no laila, lilo i mea paʻakikī e hana ma UTM me nā waiwai Ka mea, i loaʻa ma waena o nā mau wela.

E pāʻani aku me ka UTM, Google Earth a me kela aku kahi kūlike, kēia loulou hiki e loa maikaʻi kēia:

UTM kahi kūlike ma Google Earth

E hoʻololi i nā kuhi kaiapili i UTM me Excel

E hoʻololi i nā kaʻina UTM i Geographical me Excel

Golgi Alvarez

Mea kākau, mea noiʻi, loea i nā Models Management Land. Ua komo ʻo ia i ka manaʻo a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona e like me: National System of Property Administration SINAP ma Honduras, Model of Management of Joint Municipalities in Honduras, Integrated Model of Cadastre Management - Registry in Nicaragua, System of Administration of the Territory SAT in Colombia . Lunahooponopono o ka moʻomanaʻo ʻike Geofumadas mai 2007 a me ka mea nāna i hana i ka AulaGEO Academy e komo pū ana ma mua o 100 mau papa ma GIS - CAD - BIM - Digital Twins kumuhana.

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58 Comments

  1. Ke hilinaʻi nei ia i ka pūnaewele āu e nānā ai iā ia.
    ʻO kēia kikowaena āu e pono ai i ka'āpana, no ka mea, ua hana houʻia ia ma kēlā me kēia wahi o nā 60, ma ka'ākau'ākau a me ka hema.

  2. Loaʻa wau i kēia mau kuhikuhiʻana a he pono iaʻu eʻike i ka wahi, pehea kaʻu e hana ai
    N1300113 E 1040271. NO KA MEA

  3. ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu keʻike i ke kiʻi o ka mea āu e hānai nei. Akā, ponoʻoe e hoʻomaopopo heʻano kūikawā ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i nā coordinates utm, a ua hana houʻia lākou ma kēlā me kēia kahua ma kahi latitude hoʻokahi.

  4. Pehea wau e hana nei ma kahi papahana honua i ka palena'āina ma waena o 13 a me 14 ,,,. o kahi pūnaewele o kahi kūlanakauhale ma kahi 13 a me kahi'ē aʻe o kekahi kūlanakauhale ma ka'āpana 14 a paʻi wau iā lākou i loko o kahi waihona eʻike i keʻano o kona nānāʻana,ʻo kaʻu nīnau ke kumu i kaʻawale loa ai lākou i ka wā i kokoke like lākou? ʻImi au ma ka google honua a ua pololei nā mea a pau,ʻo kahi lōʻihi wale nō ia, a me he mea lā e huli ana i kahi o ka'āpana 13 ma mua o ka 14 i ka manawa maoliʻaʻole like ia

  5. Hui. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kōkua iaʻu i kēia mau mea: i ka māla e lawe mau wau i nā helu me gps, ma UTM a laila ma lalo o ka ʻikepili e hana ai i kahi planimetry ma AutoCAD, akā i ka manawa e makemake ana e hoʻokuʻu aku i ka cartastral cadastral, hoʻokahi wale nō kiko ke puka akā ʻaʻole ka kikoʻī piha. no ke aha kēia …… Ecuador

  6. Mahalo i kou ahonui a me kou lokomaikaʻi e kaʻana like i kāuʻike, Geofumed!

  7. Pehea au la i kaʻu mau mea nui 2 hoʻouku laina maka i haawiia mai ma ka hoʻouku concession ma Bolivia ina koʻu palapala i loko o ka psad 56 a me koʻu wahi i WGS 84 'oluʻolu inā e kōkua mai iaʻu, no koʻu ke kelepona hele GPS au e hele lōʻihi desplasado

  8. Fernando Ojeda February 2017 ka
    Au makemake e hoʻolilo i ka UTM i hŘnń ia o Popocatepetl lua pele i:
    Latitude 19 ° 13'20.00 "
    Lōʻihi 98 ° 37¨40.00 "

    A me ka polokalamu kela aku aʻole eʻae mai iaʻu 98 ° me longitude.
    Pehea wau e holo ai inā e haʻi mai iaʻuʻaʻole au e hele i 80 a me 90, i ka manawa e loaʻa ai ka 9 i kaʻike

    UTM Z14 WGS84
    2125458.053 539124.2666 14

  9. Au makemake e hoʻolilo i ka UTM i hŘnń ia o Popocatepetl lua pele i:
    Latitude 19 ° 13'20.00 "
    Lōʻihi 98 ° 37¨40.00 "

    A me ka polokalamu kela aku aʻole eʻae mai iaʻu 98 ° me longitude.
    Pehea e pono ai iaʻu inā e haʻi mai iaʻuʻaʻole au e hele i 80 a me 90, i ka manawa e loaʻa ai ka 98 hōkeo?

  10. Hiki i kekahi ke kōkua iaʻu e kahaki i ka nui o ka'āina ??? Loaʻa iaʻu nā'eneke 4 a me nā pae lōʻihi. Inā hāʻawiʻia kekahi, e hoʻouna wau i nāʻikepili i loaʻa iaʻu a e mahalo nui wau iāʻoe. hoomaikai

  11. Aloha, Bruno.
    ʻAʻole maopopo mākou i keʻano āu e waiho nei:
    Malia paha ināʻoʻoe i keʻano o kēia mau mea:ʻO kahi he aha ka mea āu e hana ai? Ua hewaʻole ke kiʻi?
    E hoʻokaʻawale pahaʻoe ma ka palapala'āina?

  12. Au hou e lawelawe GPS a me ka palapala, ninau mai iaʻu no ka laʻana, e lawe i kekahi kumumanao i ka m, y me (4 puan) a me ka kuka ma luna o ka puʻu, ina o ka wahi o 4 aa, a e ia o kekahi mau o 100 kēlā me m, a Eʻoluʻolu, hoʻonoho. Mahalo (bruficarrasco123-4qoutlook.com)

  13. Au makemake e ike pehea e ike ia, e like me ka mīkini hoʻololi i au i ka hoʻohana 'ana. E hoomanao i ina ka mīkini hoʻololi i komo ka hikina wahahee, aole loa e like loa me ka maʻamau UTM, a e hoike ana i Google.

  14. Hello. I manaolana oe e kōkua mai iaʻu, no ka mea, au hulina hoao mea a pau, a I loaa:
    Ke ho'āʻo nei e hoohuli kekahi Geographic wahi ma ka UTM, hoʻohana mau converters loaʻa ma luna o ka Internet. Ma mua aʻu i manao ia ua hewa, akā, au i checado a me nā mea a pau e hele i ka ia au.
    Ke ʻimi nei au i nā hui o kekahi o nā lua pele ma Mekiko; Hoʻohana wau i ka Google Earth no kēia a hāʻawi iaʻu i nā hoʻonohonoho ʻāina. ʻO ka pilikia, i ka wā e hoʻohuli ai iā lākou i UTM, hele wau mai ka ʻāpana 13 a hiki i ka 14 a hoʻololi loa kēia i nā coordinate, i "x", i kahi degere e hōʻike ai ka mauna i uhi ʻia i ka hau o Colima (ka kokoke loa i ka Moana Pākīpika). ʻO wau kahi hui pū me 600,000, ʻoiai ʻo Nevado de Toluca (aia i waenakonu o ka ʻāina) hāʻawi iaʻu i nā waiwai o 400,000. ʻAʻole maopopo iaʻu ke kumu.
    Mahalo i ka mua

  15. Au i ka mea hou aku illustrative laʻana no oe e ike. Hoi i noonoo ai i ka spheroid ka hana ma ka 'ilikai, kekahi hele 200 mika mai, kekahi pii mai 1000 mika. Ua noa mea he spheroid o ka maopopo, a me kekahi wahi mea like i loko o kēlā me kēia maka aha akā,ʻaʻole, no laila, i ka UTM i kahi kūlike wahi i e okoa ma kekahi ńina

  16. me ka mea o ka UTM wānana hoʻohana i ka ua ńina

  17. a me ka helu ana i ka mamao ma ei (ka unahiʻole,) ma ka UTM

  18. E nana i kekahi wahi i loko o ka wahi o kou hoihoi i loko o Goolgle Honua. Inā 'oe i ka akau o ka laina o Ecuador, Ua 17'ākau wahi. Inā ia mea haʻahaʻa, ka mea, o 17 South? Aie.

  19. Hi, hiki oe i ke kōkua mai iaʻu i ka ninau:
    Download He lākou i mea ma WGS84, au Pono e pāhana ia i ka UTM i kaʻu mahele ka hema komohana Colombia (Nariño), ke ninau nei, a wahi aʻu e hoʻohana i ka e UTM wānana,? Aie? 17s 17n mamo.
    Mahalo oe no kou wehewehe, a kala mai i kaʻu ike ole i ke kumuhana.

  20. Pono, au e i maopopo.
    E hoʻouna mai i ka UTM i kahi kūlike i ka ike, no ka mea, au hiki ole visualize i ka pilikia luawai.

  21. I ka wa aʻu e komo i ka mua loa, lat ka mea, hāʻule i loko o ke kai i loko o ka awawa o Mexico. ka hoʻohana 'ana WGS84
    No ka mea eia, i mea UTM, e noho hoakaka i wahi mea.

    Maopopo leʻa oe e loaa ana na nā wānana waiwai, a i kahi kūlike o nenoai oe pono e hoakaka ia ka mea i lawe ia.

  22. I mahalo 'ia oe lawe i ka pilikia, e wehewehe i keia, au kino loaʻa loa kėia a me ka waiwai, clarifier, akā, ma laila nō wehewehena oe ke hoʻohana i au hiki ole maopopo koʻu inexperience. Au i ka ninau e pili ana i ka papaʻaina i kēia KoʻOlau hoʻolauna mai iaʻu. Hiki oe e hai mai iaʻu wale ka poeʻikepili hōʻike ma lalo nei, e pertencen i kahi kūlike o'ōnaehana a me ka ńina (ina kekahi) ua hoʻohana 'ia. Mahalo i ka mua, I noho ka manawa ā hiki.

    Latitude East Longitude (X) North (Y)
    -92.170660948 19.294503558 587135.5 2133622.5
    -92.170643520 19.294488976 587137.4 2133620.9
    -92.170620402 19.294469407 587139.8 2133618.8
    -92.170618372 19.294467695 587140.0 2133618.6
    -92.170614312 19.294464279 587140.5 2133618.2
    -92.170610252 19.294460862 587140.9 2133617.8
    -92.170597249 19.294449921 587142.3 2133616.6

  23. Where au hiki sua i ka reticle ÿano me ka UTM mau mea?

  24. ke hoʻohana 'ia ka mīkini hoʻololi geo_utm0.4

  25. E kaʻike e hou
    He aha mīkini hoʻololi oe hoʻohana?

    Paha kāu e makemake ana e hana i ka nana e hoole huli ana e haawi mai oe i kaʻokoʻa ka latitu?

  26. E nana mai, converters hoʻohana i UTM papa a me El Salvador wahi i me longitude a me ka latitu 89 13 ° ° au hoʻohana 16 wahi a me ka'ākau hemisphere akā, hoohuli mika e hāʻawi mai ai iaʻu 89 2 ° ° a me ka latitu paha e hana.

  27. Aloha ʻoe, nīnau mai ʻo CONAGUA iaʻu no kahi "Hoʻolālā me nā ana a me nā palena o ka waiwai ma nā kikowaena UTM" ʻike paha kekahi i hiki ke hāʻawi iaʻu i kēia lawelawe?

  28. Maikaʻi lāʻau kū, hoʻomau me kēia kū hoʻokahi, ke ala, e ao aku i ka poe i makemake e aʻo a hoomanao e pili ana i kēia mau nīnūnē mau.

  29. Mahalo i kēia palapala NEI A LOT OF 10 kokua ME
    GRACIAS

  30. Ke haawiia mai nā loina a huahelu i ?? I hana algebraically e ike i ka mamao ma waena o nā heluʻai a me nā hualoaʻa i loko o mika?

  31. Manaʻo wau e hikiʻole ke kūpono ma AutoCAD. Loaʻa iā Civil3D kekahi mea, akāʻo ka manawa nōʻoe e hoʻololi i nā mea.

  32. pehea e hiki ai iaʻu ke hoʻololi i nā kaʻina lat / lon i ka UTM ma kēlāʻano autocad Ke manaʻo nei au e kōkuaʻoe iaʻu i kēia mahalo

  33. loa hana hoihoi 'oi loa aku hoi, mai ka manawa aʻu i poina a pau e pili ana i kaʻu kaikamahine manawa au desenpolvando ka lolo mahalo.

  34. Ae ia mea he nui loa e like me ka pilikia, a me ka nawaliwali o ka UTM nenoaiu. Aia mau koho, akā, e hilinai ma ka hana koi 'ia.

    No ka hana i manao ai, i kekahi koho mea e hoʻoneʻe i ka wahahee kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea kikowaena Melekiana o ka ciia höʻike. Kēia e ae i nā papa hana, a me ke koho ana o modifying wānana nenoaiu.

    Kekahi koho mea, e hana me ka lakikū a me longitudes i loko o kēia wahi, a ua loli hoohalua ana ma ke kae o ka wahi. A laila, no ka pai ana i hana, ia mea kūpono i kaʻikepili o kēiaʻaoʻao, e pale hilahila.

  35. Loa hana hoihoi a me ka walaʻauʻana pā ma luna o ke kumuhana, akā, koʻu nīnau mea: ina au i kekahi wahi, e ana a me keia encentra i loko o nā Leeuwerikplein mau mea, e like me aʻu i ko ma ka palapala o ka UTM kahi kūlike, Inā pono kekahi wahi ai 'elua aʻu i noonoo??
    ole i kekahi ala e kū no au i ka wahi i ua measurand i loko o ka wahi ano?

  36. Pono, au e i maopopo i ka pau mea, akā, oe e kaha i ka wahi, e like me Zacatecas mea i loko o ka 13 a me 14 mau mea.

    Inā he mea 'ākau a i ka wahi āu e manaʻo ai, i ke ala wale i ka noiʻi ana ka mea nana i ka ikepili, ka mea hiki i hoʻohana i ka wahahee misconfigured keia hoʻohuʻu i ke kikowaena Melekiana o ka m = 500,000 i ka pohupani hale.

  37. Good mea he mea keia wa, e lawe ninau, au i ua lawe coorrdenadas i UTM degere a me keia mea i hana.

    loaa na hŘnń ia o ka pelane o ka apana palapala
    mauʻikepili
    m = y me = 636,130.00 2,656,898.00
    a ua waiho mai iaʻu 24.01828298 -103.6614938

    a hiki kākou ma laila, ke ninau nei:

    ka wā o nā wahi e m = y me = 507258 2658745
    ina mākou i loko o zacatecas a me kahi kūlike i ka luna hoouna mai iaʻu i kekahi moku'āina a me ka laau ooi.
    ua manaʻoʻiaʻo nā kaʻina i komo i loko o ka hoʻopuniʻana,ʻo ia ka pilikia eʻikeʻole ai au i keʻano o nā GPS a me ka hōʻailona kūpono i laweʻia e lākou, no ka mea, e hiki iaʻu keʻimi i nāʻano likeʻole a me nāʻano.

    Mahalo oe no kou noonoo.

  38. Au makemake e i no paresio hana hoihoi i ka ike i kona maikaʻi Honua

  39. E hoʻouna mai iaʻu i kēia papahana

  40. Mahaloʻo galvarezhn, keʻike neiʻoe i kekahi papahana, papahana, a like paha e hana ana i kaʻu e hōʻike ai e pili ana i ka hoʻohui o nāʻaoʻaoʻelua? Makemake wau i mea no ka noiʻana i ke autocad.

    Aloha

  41. Hello Ismael
    No ke kahakaha ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kikowaena UTM i nā wahi i uhi ʻia nā ʻāpana, pono e hoʻololi i ka hikina wahaheʻe ma waenakonu o ka ʻāpana, no ka mea ua hana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui UTM e ʻike i nā wahi kai ... malalo o ia mau kumu.

    Kēia palapala noi mea ole no ia

  42. He mea pono kēia polokalamu no ke kahaʻana i ka autocad ma waena o nāʻaoʻaoʻelua? mai ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā helu kūponoʻole i maopopoʻole ke autocad. Ke manaʻo nei au i ka wā e hoʻokomo ai i ka hoʻonohonohoʻike'āina a me ka kuhikuhiʻana i kahi, hoʻohuiʻia ka papahana o nāʻaoʻaoʻelua? i nā kaʻina o utm

  43. impeccable, no laila, ua hiki ke maopopo kahi e hoʻomaka.
    Reference nenoai mea i kekahi mea a me kekahi wānana type.
    A palapala 'kuka pono e hōʻike' elua, mau.

  44. E kala mai iaʻu e Yorel, paʻakikī e maikaʻi me nā mea āpau, akā inā ʻoe e wehewehe iā mākou i kahi o nā mea ʻelua āu e hoʻāʻo nei e lapuwale hiki iā mākou ke kuhikuhi iā ʻoe i nā blog ʻē aʻe e wehewehe nei me ke ʻano lapuwale. Malia paha ʻaʻole pili iā ʻoe ka pae o kēia blog a maopopo iā mākou

    ... ʻo wai o lāua ... ke aniani a i ʻole ...

    a mai hopohopo, cavalierly maopopo i ke ano o ka olelo troll

  45. parese i kahi kūlike o keia mea nui no iaʻu ia mākou i domde ke aupuni '

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