Kukulu i ka UTM ciia hei me kela a me AutoCAD.

Kāhea e like me kou makemake, nā palapala'āina kuhikuhi ka pahu kiʻi maʻamau, grid geodesic, ke makemake ʻia ka inoa he mea ʻole ia. E maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i kēia ma kahi papahana GIS, akā e noʻonoʻo he AutoCAD kā mākou.

I kekahi mau lā i hala aku nei, ua wehewehe au i kahi i hoʻomakaʻia ai ke kiʻi'āina, a me keʻano o ka Nā coordinena UTM; E hoʻohana i ka ia wahi 16 me lakou i mea hoike, akā, e pili ana i ka mea 'ē aʻe, me ka kikowaena (axis) o ka loloa o ka wale laina i ka loa vertical a me ka mea kaʻoi loa ma keia i kahi kūlike o = 300,000.

He 6 kekelē o kēia kaha, a inā ʻike mākou ke hoʻonui nei ia mai ka pou ʻākau a i ka equator, kahi o ka latitude ʻaʻohe; a laila ma ka pou hema ka mea e emi ai, a ua like nā latitu akā ma ka ʻaoʻao hemisphere. Pehea e kūkulu ai

1. E kūkulu i nā kikowaena me Excel

No kēia, e hoʻohana wale i ka mea hana ua hoʻohana mua mākou e hoʻololi i nā kuhi'āina honua i ka UTM, e koho au i ka Whepa WGS84, a laila kau wau i nā latitudes a me nā lōʻihi o ka hoihoi:

Nā latitudes: Mai ka equator a ʻākau, ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka imaten he 8 kekelē i ka leka w, ʻo x wale nō he 12 kekelē, no laila mai N a W ke loaʻa iā 9 × 8 = 72, me ka hoʻohui 12 loaʻa iā mākou ma nā kekelē 84, ma ka hemisphere ʻākau. E hana ia me ka mahalo i ka hemisphere hema he like like ia, akā ma kahi o N e lawe ʻo S. GoogleEarth ʻaʻole hōʻike i ke koena e pale i ka pilikia e koi ana kēia ʻāpana i kahi helu palena ʻole. I kēia hihia e kūkulu mākou iā ia i ka ʻāpana W.

Ke kūkuluʻia ma Excel, aia mākou i kēia papaʻaina:
 

ʻO nā lōʻihi. Inā mākou e nānā iā ia, e kūkulu i ka laina hema koi wale ia i ka palena palena ma waena o nā wahi 15 a me 16 (90 kekelē). No ke kūkulu ʻana i ka palena kūpono, hana ka papa ʻaina i pilikia noʻu no ka mea ke komo ana i ka longitude 84, helu ʻia ia mau kaulike like akā ma ka ʻāpana 17, no laila e hoʻohana wau i nā kekelē 84, ʻaʻohe minuke a me 0.00000001 kekona, no laila hāʻule mau ka waiwai i ke kaona 16 a ma ke ʻano he kaulike ʻelua mau wahi ʻaʻohe nalo o ka ʻikepili.

2. Kaha i nā helu me AutoCAD

No ka unuhiʻana iā AutoCAD, he mea maʻalahi, paepae R ka concatenation e hana kope kope. No laila kope ʻia ka ʻike o kēia kolamu ma Excel, a laila ma AutoCAD, hoʻonāukiuki mākou i ke kauoha kiko (kahakaha / kiko / mau kiko) a hana i ka pā ma ka laina kauoha. Loaʻa koke kā mākou i nā kiko o kēia kiko.

Ināʻaʻoleʻoe eʻike iā lākou, e hoʻololi i ka paʻi ma keʻano / kāhili kiko a waiho i kahi 5% pili i ka pakuhi.

I kekahi anu u makemake e, e kikoo aku i ka laina ai pili aku i kēia hei, akā, i ka ho'āʻo e hana ia ma ka hoʻohuiʻia kela aku, a AutoCAD e, like ina ka hei ua denser Hoʻohana makemake i na kumu hana.

3. E kūkulu i nā laina kaulike.

No ka hanaʻana i kēia, hanaʻoe e like me ka hanaʻana i nā kumumanaʻo, kahi wale nō ma kahi o ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka'ōlelo kuhikuhi e hoʻohana mākou i ke kauoha line; aʻo ia nō, ke hoʻopau wale nei mākou i ka laina i koe.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki ke hana wale i ke kaha kiʻi, akā, e hoʻomanaʻo i kēia māhele no nā māhele o nā 8 degrees, ke hanaʻoe i nā mīkini kaumaha nui e loaʻa ai iāʻoe ka pono.

4. E hana i nā laina kūkea.

No ka hana ʻana i nā laina kaulike ʻoe wale nō e kau i nā kuhi o ka palena hema i kahi kolamu a i ka ʻākau o kēia nā koina o ka palena kūpono. Hana ʻoe i kēia i ʻoi aku ma ke kolamu ʻē aʻe me ke kope a kāpili kūikawā, hoʻopili i nā waiwai, no laila ʻaʻohe ou pilikia me ke kope ʻana i nā formulate, e like paha me ke kiʻi i hōʻike ʻia.

ʻO ka mea hou aʻe,ʻo ka kohoʻana i nā mea o nā pahuʻelua, a laila ma ka AutoCAD kāu e kāpili, ma ka AutoCAD kāu e kauoha ai i ka laina a me ka paʻu.

a maikaʻi, e holoi wale i ka nui.

Koi aku au, no ka mea he nui ʻole kēia hana e pono ʻole ai, akā ke hana ʻoe i nā meshes denser e kūpono loa ia no ka mea he maʻalahi ka holoi ʻana i nā koena no ka mea aia nā laina lōʻihi e hiki ke koho maʻalahi a hoʻopau ʻia. No laila ke waiho nei wau i kāu mea hanahana pehea e hoʻohana ai i kēia kaʻina hana e kūkulu i ka hei piha ma nā unahi quadrant unahi.

Ua maopopo i kaʻu mea i loaʻaʻole ia he mīkini pili, no ka mea,ʻaʻole ia AutoCAD, he mesh kaʻu me ka hoʻohui ʻana o UTM e like me nā latitude a me nā loa o ka honua. I georeferensi ia, pono e hana ʻia me ArcGIS, Cadcorp, Palapala Palapala3D, nui loa, ʻO ka hua'ōlelo Microstation Goegraphics a i ʻole kekahi palapala noi kiʻi like me kēia. Akā e ʻike mākou i kekahi manawa ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai mākou e hoʻomanaʻo ai i nā anakuhi ...